Energy trading was once about exploiting inefficiencies. Price differences across regions, fuels, or time horizons were treated as opportunities for arbitrage. Volatility was episodic, correlations we
Flexibility as the new currency: Why speed, storage, and response matter more than capacity
For decades, energy economics was built around capacity. Installed megawatts, pipeline diameters, storage volumes, and reserve margins were treated as the primary indicators of system strength. If cap
The invisible hand of oil: Logistics, refineries, and the hidden drivers of power and gas prices
For much of the past two decades, oil was treated as a declining force in Europe’s electricity story. As power generation moved away from fuel oil and toward gas, nuclear, and renewables, oil was conc
Gas at the centre: How balancing, LNG, and spark spreads now define power prices
For most of Europe’s electricity-market history, natural gas played a supporting role. It was a reliable, dispatchable fuel that complemented baseload generation and provided peak capacity when needed
Volatility is no longer cyclical: How shocks now propagate across Europe’s energy system
For much of Europe’s post-liberalisation energy history, volatility was understood as a cyclical phenomenon. Prices rose and fell in response to identifiable triggers: cold winters, supply outages, ge
One energy system, three fuels: Why Europe no longer has separate power, gas, and oil markets
For most of the modern history of European energy policy, electricity, natural gas, and oil were treated as adjacent but fundamentally separate domains. They were regulated through different framework
Carbon Borders and Industrial Geography: How Electricity, Mining, and CBAM Are Redefining Near-Shoring in Europe
The European Union’s progressive expansion of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is redefining industrial location strategy. No longer a limited carbon levy on select commodities, CBAM now
From Ore to Output: How CBAM is Integrating Mining, Processing, and Manufacturing into a Carbon-Priced Value Chain
The EU’s expansion of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) into downstream manufactured goods represents a structural shift for the mining and metals sector. What began as a carbon levy on a
Electricity as the Hidden Backbone of CBAM: Why Power Strategy Determines Manufacturing Competitiveness
The latest CBAM draft confirms what industrial and power-market analysts have long suspected: electricity is no longer a peripheral factor in carbon pricing—it is becoming the structural backbone thro
Serbia Emerges as Europe’s Strategic Engineering Hub: Comparative Analysis with Poland, Romania, and Turkey
As Europe accelerates its metals and materials transition, demand for specialised engineering—covering process modelling, plant automation, electrical systems, metallurgical simulation, and commission